WORK AS A STRUCTURAL ENGINEER / DESIGN ENGINEER

Structural Engineers / Design Engineers are normally working with a consulting engineering firm. Structural/Design Engineer appointed by the client to carry out a total engineering details including the stability, integrity, safety instead of design economically for the client.

Task for structural Engineer starts after the contract signed between Client & Consultant Engineer OR Consultant Engineer - PMC (Project Management Company). PMC can be Architects, Quantity Surveyor, M&E, C&S Consultant itself or Main Contractor Based on the type of contract to be implemented or Direct Appointment by the Client.

BRITISH STANDARD CODE (BS CODE)

British Standard Code (BS CODE) Mostly applied by engineering companies in Malaysia especially for Civil/Structural Engineering Companies. For those civil/structural engineers out there, herewith i managed to list down the BS CODE which Applicable to Civil Engineering works.


BS 8110-1
Structural use of concrete Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction-AMD 9882: September, 1998; AMD 13468: May 27, 2002; AMD 16016: November 30, 2005

BS 5950-1
Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1: Code of practice for design Rolled and welded sections-CORR 13199: May 2001;

BS 5839-1
Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings Part 1: Code of practice for system design, installation, commissioning and maintenance-AMD 15447: December 16, 2004

BS 6399-2
Loading for Buildings - Part 2: Code of Practice for Wind Loads-CORR 14009: July 31, 2002; Corrected and Reprinted June 2002;

BS 6651
Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning-CORR 11076:September 2000; AMD 15518:February 7, 2005; Superseded by BS EN 62305-4, BS EN 62305-1:2006, BS EN 62305-2:2006, and BS EN 62305-3:2006

BS 5950-2
Structural Use of Steelwork in Building - Part 2: Specification for Materials, Fabrication and Erection -Rolled and Welded Sections

8110-2
Structural Use of Concrete - Part 2: Code of Practice for Special Circumstances-Reprinted; AMD 5914: May, 1989; AMD 12061: July, 2001; AMD 16017: November 30, 2005

BS 5266-1
Emergency lighting Part 1: Code of practice for the emergency lighting of premises-Supersedes CP 1007: 1955

BS 2573 PART 1
Rules for Design Cranes Part 1: Classification, Stress Calculations and Design Criteria for Structures

BS 6399-1
Loading for Buildings - Part 1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads-AMD 13669: October 11, 2002;

BS 8110 PART 3
Structural Use of Concrete Part 3: Design Charts for Singly Reinforced Beams, Doubly Reinforced Beams and Rectangular Columns-Amd 5918:5/1989

BS 8004
Code of Practice for Foundations

BS 449 PART 2
Use of Structural Steel in Building Part 2: Metric Units-AMD 8859; November 15, 1995; Partially superseded by BS EN 1993-1-5:2006

BS EN 12845
Fixed firefighting systems Automatic sprinkler systems Design, installation and maintenance

BS 5400-2
Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges Part 2: Specification for Loads

BS 5395-3
Stairs, ladders and walkways Part 3: Code of practice for the design of industrial type stairs, permanent ladders and walkways-AMD 14247: March 26, 2003; Partially Superseded by BS EN ISO 14122-4: 2006

BS 8500-1
Concrete - Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1 - Part 1: Method of Specifying and Guidance for the Specifier

BS EN 206-1
Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity-CORR 13189:April 2001; AMD 14857: January 19, 2004; AMD 15359:September 30, 2004; CORR 15406:October 25, 2004; Supersedes DD ENV 206:1992

BS 5628-1
Code of Practice for Use of Masonry - Part 1: Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry

BS 476 PART 7
Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures Part 7: Method of Test to Determine the Classification of the Surface Spread of Flame of Products

BS 8007
Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids

BS 5395-1
Stairs, Ladders and Walkways - Part 1: Code of Practice for the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Straight Stairs and Winders

BS 2573 PART 2
Rules for the Design of Cranes Part 2: Classification, Stress Calculations and Design of Mechanisms-AMD 5013: July 31, 1986;

BS 5950-3.1
Structural use of steelwork in building Part 3: Design in composite construction Section 3.1 Code of practice for design of simple and continuous composite beams-CORR 16721: October 31, 2006; Supersedes CP 117 PART 1: 1965

BS 5306 PART 2
Fire Extinguishing Installations and Equipment on Premises Part 2: Specification for Sprinkler Systems-CORR 9985; April 1998;

BS 5400-1
Steel, concrete and composite bridges - Part 1: General statement-AMD 14179: March 12, 2003;

BS 4800
Paint Colours for Building Purposes

BS EN 1993-1-1
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings-CORR 16568: September 29, 2006; Supersedes DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992

BS 5268-2
Structural Use of Timber - Part 2: Code of Practice for Permissible Stress Design, Materials and Workmanship

BS 5400-3
Steel, concrete and composite bridges - part 3: Code of practice for design of steel bridges-AMD 13200: May 2001; AMD 16404: May 2006; CORR 16480: June 2006; Partially superseded by
BS EN 1993-2:2006 and BS EN 1993-1-5:2006

BS 5950-5
Structural Use of Steelwork in Building - Part 5: Code of Practice for Design of Cold Formed Thin Gauge Sections-AMD 16502: September 29, 2006; Partically Superseded by BS EN 1993-1-3

BS 5950-8
Structural use of steelwork in building Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistant design

BS 2853
Design and Testing of Steel Overhead Runway Beams-AMD 495; April, 1970;

BS 476-3
Fire tests on building materials and structures - Part 3: Classification and method of test for external fire exposure to roofs-AMD 16169: January 18, 2006; AMD 16924: April 30, 2007

BS 6399 PART 3
Loading for Buildings Part 3: Code of Practice for Imposed Roof Loads-AMD 9452 May 1997;

BS 476 PART 20
Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures Part 20: Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Elements of Construction (General Principles)-AMD 6487; April 30, 1990

BS EN 197-1
Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements-AMD 15209:July 9,2004; Supersedes DD ENV 197-1:1995

BS 5930
Code of Practice for Site Investigations-:2006

BS 5306-1
Code of practice for fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises - Part 1: Hose reels and foam inlets

BS 5975
Code of practice for falsework-AMD 9289: December 1996; AMD 15090: Decimeber 10, 2004

BS 1377-1
Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes Part 1: General Requirements and Sample Preparation-AMD 8258; January 15, 1995;

BS 5839-6
Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings Part 6: Code of practice for the design, installation and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in dwellings

BS 5950 PART 4
Structural Use of Steelwork in Building Part 4: Code of Practice for Design of Composite Slabs with Profiled Steel Sheeting (R)

BS 5950 PART 6
Corr.1 Structural Use of Steelwork in Building Part 6: Code of Practice for Design of Light Gauge Profiled Steel Sheeting-CORR 10475; May 15, 1999;

BS 6031
Code of Practice for Earthworks-Amd 1;

BS EN ISO 14122-3
Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails-Partially supersedes BS 5395: 1985 and Parts 1 to 5 of BS 4592;

BS EN 1992-1-1
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings-Supersedes DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992, DD ENV 1992-1-3:1996, DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996, DD ENV 1992-1-5:1996, and DD ENV 1992-1-6:1996

BS EN 12811-1
Temporary works equipment Part 1: Scaffolds Performance requirements and general design-Supersedes BS 5973:1993

BS 5400-6
Steel, concrete and composite bridges Part 6: Specification for materials and workmanship, steel-CORR 13715: October 3, 2002;

BS 476 PART 22
Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures Part 22: Methods for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Non- Loadbearing Elements of Construction

BS 476 PART 6
Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures Part 6: Method of Test for Fire Propagation for Products

BS 6700
Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages - Specification

BS 5306-3
Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises Part 3: Code of practice for the inspection and maintenance of portable fire extinguishers

BS EN 1993-1-2
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-2: General rules Structural fire design-CORR 16290: June 2006; CORR 16572: September 29, 2006; Supersedes DD ENV 1993-1-2:2001

BS 1377-2
Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes Part 2: Classification Tests-AMD 9027; May 15, 1996;

BS 8500-2
Concrete - Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1 - Part 2: Specification for Constituent Materials and Concrete

BS EN 1838
Lighting Applications - Emergency Lighting-Also Known as BS 5266-7: 1999; Together with BS 5266-1: 1999 Supersedes BS 5266-1: 1988

BS 6387
Specification for Performance Requirements for Cables Required to Maintain Circuit Integrity Under Fire Conditions

BS 1377-4
Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes Part 4: Compaction-related tests-AMD 13925: December 6, 2002; Supersedes BS 1377: 1975;

BS 5588-5
Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings Part 5: Access and facilities for fire-fighting-AMD 10358; March 1999;
BSI NA TO BS EN 1991-1-1
UK National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

BS 5628-3
Code of practice for the use of masonry Part 3: Materials and components, design and workmanship

BS 476-4
Fire tests on building materials and structures Part 4: Non-combustibility test for materials-AMD 4390: September 1983;

BS 5400 PART 4
Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges Part 4: Code of Practice for Design of Concrete Bridges
BSI BS 5839-8
Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings Part 8: Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of voice alarm systems-AMD 16066: December 23, 2005; CORR 16219: January 25, 2006

BS EN ISO 14122-4
Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Part 4: Fixed Ladders-Partially Supersedes BS 5395-3:1985 and BS 4592-1 TO -5

BS 1377-9
Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes Part 9: In-Situ Tests-AMD 8264; January 15, 1995;

BS EN ISO 14122-2
Safety of Machinery - Permanent Means of Access to Machinery - Part 2: Working Platforms and Walkways

BS EN 1998-1
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings-Supersedes DD ENV 1998-1-1:1996, DD ENV 1998-1-2:1996 and DD ENV 1998-1-3:1996

BS 5400-5
Steel, concrete and composite bridges Part 5: Code of practice for the design of composite bridges

BS 6180
Barriers in and About Buildings - Code of Practice-AMD 13292:September 28,2001;

BS EN 1990
Eurocode Basis of Structural Design-AMD 16226: March 2006;:1996

BS EN 752-4
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings Part 4: Hydraulic design and environmental considerations-CORR 15442:February 16, 2005; Supersedes BS 8005-1: 1987; BS 8005-2: 1987; BS 8005-3: 1989; BS 8005-4: 1987; BS 8005-5: 1990; BS 8301: 1985, Which Have Been Declared Obsolescent;

BS EN 54-2
Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems Part 2: Control and Indicating Equipment-AMD 16781: November 30, 2006; AMD 16967: January 31, 2007

BS 5588-11
Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings Part 11: Code of practice for shops, offices, industrial, storage and other similar buildings-AMD 9838:January 1998; AMD 10213:January 1999; AMD 14995:December 8, 2004; Supersedes BS 5588-2:1985 and BS 5588-3:1983

BS 6206
Impact Performance Requirements for Flat Safety Glass and Safety Plastics for Use in Buildings (AMD 8693) July 15, 1995 (R)-Amd 5;

BS EN 81-1
Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts Part 1: Electric lifts-CORR 10809: March 2000; AMD 15794: March 2006;: 1986

BS 8002
Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures-CORR 13386:September 12,2001;

BS EN 1993-1-5
Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-5: Plated structural elements-Partially supersedes
BS 449-2:1969, BS 5400-3:2000, and BS 5950-1:2000

BS 5950 PART 9
Structural Use of Steelwork in Building Part 9: Code of Practice for Stressed Skin Design-AMD 9326; March 15, 1997;

BS 5839-9
Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings Part 9: Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of emergency voice communication systems

BS 5911-1
Concrete pipes and ancillary concrete products Part 1: Specification for unreinforced and reinforced concrete pipes (including jacking pipes) and fittings with flexible joints (complementary to BS EN 1916:2002)-AMD 15040:June 10, 2004;BS EN 1916:2002 and BS 5911-1:2002 Supersedes BS 5911-100:1988 and BS 5911-120:1989; Supersedes BS 5911-5:2004

BS EN 1991-1-4
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-4: General actions Wind actions-Supersedes DD ENV 1991-1-4: 1997

BS EN 1993-1-8
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-8: Design of joints-CORR 16291: June 2006; CORR 16571: September 2006; Supersedes DD ENV 1993-1-1: 1992

BS 5422
Method for Specifying Thermal Insulating Materials for Pipes, Tanks, Vessels, Ductwork and Equipment Operating within the Temperature Range -40 Degrees C to +700 Degrees C-CORR 13982: November 13, 2002;

BS EN 10034
Structural Steel I and H Sections - Tolerances on Shape and Dimensions (R)
BSI BS EN ISO 14122-1
Safety of Machinery - Permanent Means of Access to Machinery - Part 1: Choice of a Fixed Means of Access between Two Levels

BS 5839 PART 3
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems in Buildings Part 3: Specification for Automatic Release Mechanisms for Certain Fire Protection Equipment-AMD 10207; November 15, 1998;

BS EN 12620
Aggregates for concrete-CORR 15333:August 17, 2004; Supersedes BS 882-1992 and BS 1047:1983

BS 8100-1
Lattice Towers and Masts - Part 1: Code of Practice for Loading-AMD 15197: May 11, 2005

BS EN 124
Gully Tops and Manhole Tops for Vehicular and Pedestrian Areas - Design Requirements, Type Testing, Marking, Quality Control-AMD 8587: May 15, 1995; Replaces BS 497: Part 1: 1976;

BS 4604 PART 1
Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts in Structural Steelwork. Metric Series Part 1: General Grade-Amd 3;

BS 476 PART 24
Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures Part 24: Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Ventilation Ducts

BS 476 PART 21
Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures Part 21: Methods for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Loadbearing Elements of Construction

Sources: http://engineers.ihs.com/collections/bsi/866.htm

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems. Their work takes account mainly of technical, economic and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.

Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural loads (e.g., gravity, wind, snow, rain, seismic (earthquake), earth pressure, temperature, and traffic). They also design structures to be stiff enough to not deflect or vibrate beyond acceptable limits. Fatigue may be an important consideration for bridges and for aircraft design, or for other structures which experience a large number of stress cycles over their lifetime. Consideration is also given to durability of materials against possible deterioration which may impair performance over the design lifetime.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

In structural engineering, structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. Using structural analysis techniques and conforming to design specifications and the local design codes, the structural design engineer works to create a solution that is to everyone's benefit. Several latest Finite Element software packages like ETABS, SAP 2000, SAFE, STAAD Pro, S-Concrete, STDesign, Grasp, GEAR, PLS Tower, ATADS, FEM-Design, Esteem, ProKon, LUSAS etc. are widely used to do the repeatative, lengthy and complicated calculations and structural analysis needed to obtain a safe and economic design for a structure.
Structural design as a process has evolved to its modern refinement through hard lessons learned from various structural failures. Structures are divided into two major categories, reinforced concrete structures, and steel frame structures. Reinforced concrete can be designed by many methods but two of them are important.

Structural design is an expression of an understanding of the flow of forces. The distribution of forces is initially understood diagramatically and mathematically. Based on this scientific understanding, sketches of members and connections are developed. Structural design which is highly expressive of the flow of forces is also associated with modern architectural design.
Structural design includes accommodation for the practicalities of construction, including on site assembly, shop assembled components, accessibility, and maintenance.